A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SHASHA’S POEM, “IVUMBA”

Umbongo, “Ivumba” kwincwadi kaShasha, W. (1992), ZIHLABANA NJE ZIYALAMBA. Pretoria: Bard Publishers

nguM.W. Jadezweni, Dept of African Languages, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Email: mwj@akad.sun.ac.za

La manqaku ngalo msebenzi wobuchule bokuchonga udibanise uyondelelanise amagama (Culler, J. 1975:56 … from the axis of selection to the axis of combination) atsho enze umbongo ajolise kwimibuzo emibini. Nantsi le mibuzo: Uthini umbhali kulo msebenzi? Oko ukubhala ekuzoba kanjani? Loo ndlela azobe ngayo inagalelo lini na kulo mbongo? Into ethethwa ngumbongo iyavakala kodwa ubuhobe besihobe yeyona nto iphambili xa kutyhuthulwa amanqaku aphambili. Isiphumo salo msebenzi simele ukuba kube kukucaca okongezelelekileyo kwento ethethwa ngumbhali uShasha kumbongo “Ivumba”.

Imizwa inenxaxheba enkulu kuncwadi jikelele. Kubhalo lwesihobe imele ukuba nenxaxheba. UShasha usebenzisa impumlo njengelona lungu lichukumisekayo livumba. Isikhuzo “hamnca!” siqupha silichaze ivumba ukuba mnandi kwalo. Oku kunatyiswa ngokufakela “xa kuqhotsw’inyama”. Esi siqwenga sifakelela incasa njengenxalenye yolu vakalelo lwevumba?Ivumba lilandelwa kukuvuza kwezinkcwe. Emva kolu vakalelo ivumba likhawuleza liphazanyiswe sisijekulo solutsha olungabafana “Dudlu sibabalala”. Le yindlela yokutsala umdla wentombi xa idlula kubafana. Intyatyambo inevumba elimnandi elinokubangela ukusuka amadlu kwabo banonyanya. Intombi njengentyatyambo ngunobangela woku kudanduluka. Umbhali uyakhumbuza ukuba ubomi bulivumba elimnandi elenyama neloo leentyatyambo ezintle eziziintombi.

Eli vumba libe lijike libe ngumthwalo oyingxaki “ngumgodlo”. Esi sikweko sandulela, sizobe umfanekiso wento eza kuhla. Lo mthwalo “uphezu komlomo”. Xa umthwalo unzima uyacinezela. Lo umthwalo umele ukucinezela utsho umlomo uvaleke mba. Kuba njani xa usiva ivumba elibi? Uwuvala mba umlomo. Apha umfundi usebenzisa ingqikelelo njengoko oku kuvaleka komlomo kungathethwanga ngqo.

Ivumba liyajika libe lelibi. Umbhali uyahlonipha uthi “ziphulukwe” xa esingisa kwisenyeliso sokuba abelungu besithi umntu ontsundu uyanuka. Ukunganyaniseki kwesi sityholo kuthiwa thsuphe kwesi senyeliso sithi “iintlanga”. Eli ligama elibonakalisa ukungamkeleki kwaba bantu ngenxa yezenyeliso zabo ezingenasiseko. Ukuphulukwa nako kubonakalisa ukungakwazi ukuzilawula. Intlamba ezi ntlanga azikwazi ukuzilawula kuyo. Umbhali ugqibezela isitanza ngenyaniso jikelele equka wonke umntu — Wonke umntu uyanuka. Oku kunuka kusingise kwiziphene umntu anazo. Wonke umntu unazo iziphene. Usebenzisa igama elinye kuphela “iqaqa” elithatyathwe kwiqhalo “Iqaqa aliziva kunuka” (Mesatywa 1954:174). Olu shiyo (ellipse) (Preminger 1965:217) lunegalelo kumngqungqo wesi sitanza. Umbhali unomsindo yile nto yokungaqondi kwabantu ? uthi abantu abaziboni ezabo iziphene. Oku kufutheka kuqaqanjiswa nakukuphinda-phindwa kuka :”-nuka” kwimigca emibini yokugqibela kwesi sitanza sokuqala.

Isitanza sokuqala sineengcinga (thought units) ezintathu. Oku kwahlulahlulwe ngezicukuzandi eziphindaphindiweyo. Olu phindaphindo luyafana nerayim (rhyme). Nazi ezi zandi: inyama / kumagqiyazana; yimpumlo / komlomo; siyanuka / liyanuka. Ngokwezi ngcinga ziqokelelwe sisandi esi sitanza sinika umfanekiso wevumba elimnandi, amalungu omzimba anxulumene nevumba, size sigqibele ngevumba elibi.

UShasha usebenzisa usingiselo (analogy) lokuzingela apho izinja zilanda umkhondo ngevumba. Ezi zikwisitanza sesibini zizinja zabecuphi. Indlela ezilanda ngayo izotywa gca ligama “zinkcunkca”. Intshukumo izotywe ngokuchongwa kweli gama. Eli gama lichongwe ukuze lihambelane nesingqisho somgca wokuqala wesitanza sesibini. Ubumbolombini bokusetyenziswa kuka “nja zabacuphi” buxhaswa ngumgca wokugqibela wesi sitanza. Umbhali ukhathazwa kukunikwa kwezinja amagama ookhokho, nto leyo ebonisa ukudelwa okungummangaliso komntu ontsundu. Uphindaphindo luka- “hay’ ukweyiwa” ngesithethantonye u-”hay’ ukudelwa” kuyicacisa gca indlela umbhali avakalelwa ngayo ? unengqumbo evuthayo. Ngokomfutho wengqumbo usenokuba uyabathuka abecuphi xa esithi “Nja zabacuphi …” Ushiyo lwesimaphambili u zi- ka “izinja” luyakungqina oku. Ubathuka ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo ombi wokutshutshisa abantsundu.

Isitanza sesibini sivelisa indlela izinja ezilisebenzisa ngayo ivumba. Zisebenzisa ivumba ukulanda umkhondo wezikrelemnqa. Liluncedo kwabomthetho. Umbhali unokunganeliseki anako ngakwabomthetho.

Isitanza sesithathu sichaphazela ivumba leziqholo (spices). Eli ivumba livumba elimnandi. Ngenxa yeli vumba kwatsho kwakho iihambo. Livumba elinomtsalane. UMarco Pollo (sic) wathabatha iihambo eziya eIndiya esiya kufuna iziqholo zokutya (The World Book Encyclopedia 1994:659). Umbhali ubachaza njengezibhadubhadu ooMarco Polo. Eli gama linentsingiselo yokuhamba, lowo uhambayo engenandawo ithe ngqo aya kuyo. Unobangela wobu bubhadula buchazwa ukuba livumba neziqholo. Ivumba nobuqholo buchazwa njengobutyebi kodwa abe afakelele izinto ezingentle “ukunyoluka nobuqhophololo”. Ngendlela ephucukileyo umbhali uchaza ubutyebi njengento ebangela ububi. Isikweko “nkaba” sinika eyona nkcazelo ithe gingci kanobangela okanye intsusa / imvelo. Uphindaphindo ku- “ndoqo kandoqo” lugxininisa le ntsusa engentle.

Isitanza sesithathu sigxininisa kwiziqholo. Loo nto izotywe ngokuba umgca wokuqala nowokugqibela uphele ngeli gama “iziqholo”. Umgca wesithathu kwesi sitanza uphela ngo-”livumba” ocacisa iziqholo ukuba zinevumba okanye zilivumba. Ezi ziqholo zibubutyebi njengoko umgca wesibini uvala ngegama, “ubutyebi”. Esi sitanza sakhiwe ngobuchule ngophindaphindo olugxininisayo nolunegalelo kwisakhiwo.

Isitanza sokugqibela sichaza ubomi. Ubomi bunevumba. Kukho ivumba elimnandi “zibuqholil’ ubom” kanti ngenxa yevumba “Iintlanga ngeentlanga zakholoselana, zingqavulana zigrenyana …”. Eli livumba elibi elibangela ukulwa kwabantu. Oku yintlokoma yesitanza sokuqala apho abhala athi “Ziphulukw’ iintlanga zithi siyanuka!” Umbhali ugqibela ngokuba achaze ukuba “Ilizwe liyanuka,  …” Esi sisikweko sokuba ilizwe alilunganga. Obu bubi belizwe, ukungalungi kwalo kuzotywa nasisingqisho esixhumaxhumayo (jerky) ukubonakalisa uvakalelo olubi kumbhali.

UShasha ubhala isihobe sakhe ngosiba kodwa ebhala nje, umi enkundleni etyondyotha ebonga ejongise kwizihlwele. Yimbongi kuphela egqibezela ngokuthi, “mandime” odla ngokuba ngu-”Ncincilili!” Xa izihlwele zikujongile zibukele ubonga ungatsho uthi, “Ndifing’ impumlo!” Mhlawumbi ababukeli bephulaphule bangatsho baqhwabe nezandla bekhwaza. Yimbongi edla ngokuthi isaqhuba ngokubonga ngengongoma ethile suka iphambuke ivele ngoo- “Dudlu sibabalala!” Oku kunokwenzelwa ukutsala umdla wabaphulaphuli. Uphindaphindo olukulo mbongo nalo luntama ukuba uShasha ukholwa kukubukelwa ebonga enkundleni. Yiyo le nto acukula ungquzulwano lweentlanga. Ukujongelwa phantsi komntu ontsundu ngabelungu kunokwenzeka ukuba kwamchukumisa. Imbongi liliso neendlebe zoluntu. Izinto ezingalunganga phakathi koluntu zingxolelwa yimbongi. UShasha wenza oko kulo mbongo.

ibhibhliyografi

1. Culler, J. (1975) Structuralist Poetics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2. Jafta, D.N. (1989). Ubuqholo besihobe. Pretoria: Acacia.
3. Mesatywa, E.W.M. (1954). Izaci namaqhalo esiXhosa. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman (Pty) Ltd.
4. Preminger, A. (ed). (1965). Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. London: The Macmillan Press. Ltd.
5. The World Book Encyclopedia P Vol. 15. (1994) London: World Book International.

phezulu

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